770523) 2018–2021. The size of ships increased while the number of crew per vessel fell drastically, and most significantly, large amounts of crude oil began to be transported by new “super-tankers.”109109 The British became the first to formalise this with the establishment of the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) in 1964. The 2021 GESDA Science Breakthrough Radar provides an overview of science trends and breakthrough predictions at 5, 10 and 25 years in 24 science and technology areas, a synthesis of the related fundamental debates in society, and an exploration of opportunities for concerted action through initial contributions on the implications for international affairs, global challenges, and the SDGs. The expectations of future science and technology, as formed in multiple national and transnational sociotechnical imaginaries, shaped the making of science diplomacy. On the development of scholarly understandings of imaginaries of science, technology, and society, see McNeil, Arribas-Ayllon, Haran, Mackenzie, & Tutton (2017). Dedicated to foundations of quantum mechanics, the proceedings were shook up by a group of physicists who presented a “non-neutrality” manifesto. In 1970 anything seemed possible for humankind in the ocean. Towards a History of Science Across and Beyond Borders”: Turchetti, Herran, & Boudia (2012). Cousteau (1973, pp. In 1975, it was revealed that the Glomar Explorer, the sister ship to the deep-sea drilling vessel Glomar Challenger, had been secretly used by the CIA to raise a Soviet submarine in the Pacific.7777 Once the danger of oceanic pollutants reached the dinner table, it became clear that policies needed to be revised. The U.S. reaction to the Brazilian initiative was sharp and restrictive, involving a combination of coercion and persuasion, and it reverberated in a larger matrix of hemispheric and global economic and security concerns. (2018, p. 18). 582–589, 590). Our case, focusing on the social sciences and the CCTA/CSA, also reveals the political and diplomatic uses of scientific knowledge in the era of decolonization, and the contentious nature of science diplomacy beyond previous straightforward definitions. As technologies of ocean exploitation emerged during the late 1960s, science policy and diplomacy were formed in response to anticipated capabilities that did not match the realities of extracting deep-sea minerals and of resource exploitation in the deep ocean at the time. By juxtaposing the 17 goals of the 2030 Agenda, the university and its partners are quietly providing policymakers with research-based knowledge for global sustainability. The National Marine Educators Association (NMEA) has participated in important and . Science diplomacy, explains an influential report authored by the Royal Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 'has never been more important' to address the 'defining challenges of the twenty-first century' and opens ways to adapt the 'tools, techniques and tactics of foreign policy' to 'a . In 1964, oceanographer Athelstan Spilhaus informed the Marine Technology Society that the ocean frontiers of the late 20th century were equivalent to the emergent land frontiers of 19th-century America.3333 The role of NGOs in the implementation of international fisheries instruments, Navigating Pacific fisheries: Legal and policy trends in the implementation of international fisheries instruments in the Western and Central Pacific Region, The visioneers: How a group of elite scientists pursued space colonies, nanotechnologies, and a limitless future, Conceptualizing imaginaries of science, technology, and society, Technology, ocean management and the law of the sea: Some current history, Global ocean politics: The decision process at the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea, 1973–1982, 17.—Exploitation of ocean minerals resources—Perspectives and predictions, Water as the ultimate sink: Linking fresh and salt water history, Lloyd Berkner and the International Geophysical Year proposal in context: With some comments on the implications for the Comité Spéciale de l'Année Géophysique Internationale, CSAGI, request for launching earth orbiting satellites, Globalizing polar science. In the process, statesmen, including Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt, as well as diplomats from several countries, came to encounter Bohr and his political mission. Science & Diplomacy, December www.ScienceDiplomacy.org Observations, Diplomacy, and the Future of Ocean Governance Jan-Stefan Fritz the G7 industrialized states agreed on a declaration that specifically highlights the importance of ocean science. Alternative suggestions made by the leaders of the scientific disciplines incorporated into the new research council each rejected terms put forward from other scientific disciplines. An historian who used quantum superluminal teleportation to mingle among her forebears through twenty different decades making discoveries and recovering lost artifacts, she was the last of the Historical Archive Collection's 'big three' ... The seminar illustrates how the idea of âAsiaâs population explosionâ produced certain knowledge about economy, development, health and well-being arguably realized through family planning. ‘Scientists as Political Experts: Atomic Scientists and Their Claims for Expertise on International Relations, 1945â1947’S. 291–293). By the time of the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in the United States Congress and its signature into law in December 1970, the International Labour Organization and the World Health Organization had long been promoting occupational health, calling for the training of specialized health personnel worldwide and working to widen the agenda from a narrow focus on industrial workers’ health to a diverse set of issues and the health of all segments of the working population. In doing so, this symposium aims to reconsider the structures and outcomes of science diplomacy, emphasising the agency and influence of those actors commonly considered to be on the receiving end or typically overlooked in the conventional portrayal of science diplomacy activities. These sites of tension emanated from within developed nations during the ad hoc UN seabed committee (1967–1972) and the subsequent UN Law of the Sea III conferences (UNCLOS III; 1973–1982). Warsaw Science Diplomacy School (WSDS) brought science diplomacy enthusiasts together from across oceans. I will argue that they also marked the environmental push back against big industry’s and the military’s impact on global ocean ecosystems. Marine environmental pollution was the dark side of the sociotechnical imaginaries of the ocean, a dystopian imagined future of the potentially catastrophic consequences of pollution that the majority of the international community was keen to avoid. The idea to organize such an event reflected Czechoslovakia’s interest in environmental planning and was one of the main outcomes of the country’s science diplomacy in the field of global environmentalism in the late 1960s. These conferences became a site where lawmakers projected futures rather than merely responding to past or present dilemmas. Krige & Wang (2015, pp. It also challenges centre-periphery narratives and proposes other configurations in which science diplomacy can be observed, configurations in which international and non-governmental organizations figure as more central actors. Å orm politely declined this offer. Fully revised and updated, this comprehensive guide to diplomacy explores the art of negotiating international agreements and the channels through which such activities occur when states are in diplomatic relations, and when they are not. In February 1971, the “Treaty on the Prohibition of the Emplacement of Nuclear Weapons and Other Weapons of Mass Destruction on the Sea-bed and the Ocean Floor and in the Subsoil Thereof” opened for signing in Washington, DC, Moscow, and London.5050 3, No . Horsfield & Stone (1972, p. 174). We would especially welcome contributions from scholars in countries and regions of the world that are less represented so as to promote a truly global dialogue across countries and continents. From the earliest meeting of the Third Committee, there was general agreement on the obligation of states to preserve the marine environment. He is known for his research on the ecology and evolution of fauna in deep-ocean hydrothermal, seamount, canyon and deep trench systems. Concerns regarding naval developments on the seabed during the mid-1960s centred on nuclear objects being placed in or operating on the global oceans. The ocean is like a grab bag stuffed with riches out of which man has been taking only those few packages he can lay hands on easily, often by blindly groping. Hull & Koers (1974); Churchill & Lowe (1999). 126–127); Weir (2001); Wenk (1972, pp. On Writing the History of “Science Diplomacy”, Science Diplomacy in the European Union: Practices and Prospects, Tim Flink and Claire Mays from the EU Science Diplomacy Cluster in an ERC/REA workshop, Opinion by S4D4C-researchers published: Reshape science diplomacy for an interconnected world, Advancing the Role of Science Diplomacy in the EU: Proposals from the European Union Science Diplomacy Alliance to Strengthen the EU’s Global Approach to Research and Innovation. For nearly the entire month of July 1970, a group of 68 preeminent scientists met at MIT to address âmanâs impact on the global environment.â Known as the Study of Critical Environmental Problems (SCEP), the groupâs immediate goal was to develop recommendations for new, global-scale pollution research programs in advance of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment. Second, it was the first non-alpine park in Spain, and although it was designed and inaugurated in the midst of Francisco Francoâs nationalist dictatorship, it was an explicitly transnational project. More importantly, in one swift step it removed the nuclear issue from the discussions on the uses of the seabed at UNCLOS.5252 With particular attention to global health and environment, the series of eight seminars (following an introductory session) will sample the current landscape of SD issues, programs, and organizations. In 1969, the U.S. Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources concluded in the Stratton Report that, even with the most favourable technological assumptions, the return on capital invested in deep-sea manganese exploitation would at best be marginal.9393 To military & political interests it's battlefields & missile bases. One project launched that year epitomized this in the placing of a group of female scientists in an underwater habitat in the West Indies, these women changed perceptions, broke records, and succeed where the earlier Sealab had failed. Diplomats' negotiations, with their basis in anticipation of the future uses of science and technology, reveal the role of scientific imaginaries within complex negotiations. The launch came on the cusp of pivot point in Chinaâs foreign and scientific relations as it entered the new decade, providing an opportunity to elucidate this liminal phase in Chinaâs science diplomacy. The USA and USSR were quick to publicly proclaim sympathy for Pardo's views, as both countries knew from their own experience of the difficulties of operating in the deep sea that such installations would be extremely expensive.4646 This research council funded scientific research on the land, atmosphere, and oceans, underpinned by environmental concerns.103103
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